Direct observation of damage clustering in irradiated DNA with atomic force microscopy

DNA carries the genetic information inside the cells and represents a sensitive target of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiations induce free radicals in DNA constituents and thereby produce various types of DNA lesions such as base damage, DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), DNA doublestrand breaks (DSBs), and DNA-protein crosslinks Ionizing radiation produces clustered DNA damage that contains two or more lesions in 10–20 bp.
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Reorganization energy upon charging a single molecule on an insulator measured by atomic force microscopy

Intermolecular single-electron transfer on electrically insulating films is a key process in molecular electronics and an important example of a redox reaction. Electron-transfer rates in molecular systems depend on a few fundamental parameters, such as interadsorbate distance, temperature, and, in particular, the Marcus reorganization energy.
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